Atheists have many misconceptions about the term. Most of the time they seem to think it means some special way or argument for God, or that's synonymous with their screwed up understanding of "supernatural" (which is not the right definition of that term either but that's another story).
standard misconception that Metaphysics is about "things beyond the physical" that's not true. AT least not necessarily. For exampel the question of free will is a metaphysical question and the will is a real thing it's not a concrete thing in the physical. The question about mental vs physical is a metaphysical question.
Stanford encyclopedia.
"Metaphysics"
It is not easy to say what metaphysics is. Ancient and Medieval philosophers might have said that metaphysics was, like chemistry or astrology, to be defined by its subject matter: metaphysics was the “science” that studied “being as such” or “the first causes of things” or “things that do not change.” It is no longer possible to define metaphysics that way, and for two reasons. First, a philosopher who denied the existence of those things that had once been seen as constituting the subject-matter of metaphysics—first causes or unchanging things—would now be considered to be making thereby a metaphysical assertion. Secondly, there are many philosophical problems that are now considered to be metaphysical problems (or at least partly metaphysical problems) that are in no way related to first causes or unchanging things; the problem of free will, for example, or the problem of the mental and the physical.
Conversely the idea that metaphysics is just making things up is also obviously false since the will and the mental and the physical are not made up.
Misconceptions:
I. Metaphysics is about magic, supernatural or made up stuff
That's was disproved in the things said above. In Heidegger's version of metaphysics scinece is a form of metaphysics.
II. we can't test or verify anything about metaphysics
Modal logic is a limit on any metaphysical construct. Other kinds of logic as well, also assist. We don't need to empirical investigation to know that there are no square circles. We can rule them out with logic. so logic can tell us things. Obviously we are not going to build a rock with just logic. We can use logic to screen metaphysical ideas.
III. That metaphysics is about magic and psychic powers.
Nope it's not, not at all. As I said in Heidegger's view science is metaphysics.
IV. That Christians have to support metaphysical thinking.
false. Especially if one is a Heideggerian Christian because in Heidegger's terms metaphysics is a bad thing. For Heidegger metaphysics is herding or grouping sense data into pre conceived categories. That's actually what reductionism is doing. Reductionism and naturalism are both metaphysics.
There are two major thinker's whose views of metaphysics I go by. One is Heidegger the other is Bruce Wiltshire.He is a professes emeritus at Ruttger's University.
He wrote a book called Metaphysics: An Introduction to Philosphy
He defines metaphysics as talk about talk about the world. That's tricky because you might think it's just "talk about the world." It's not talking about the world, it's talking about how to talk about the world. so metaphysics for him is a methodological procedure.
I think what both of these views have in common is that they are about how to organize knowledge about the world. For me that's my idea of metaphysics how to organize knowledge, organizing it in a way that it's all put into preconceived categories.
So the same reasons that make me dislike reductionism also make me dislike metaphysics.
For me as with Heidegger the alternative is phenomenology, which means allowing the sense data to suggest their own categories.When one says "Metaphysics is no good it's just making things up," Or "there's no God" or "scinece is the only form of knowledge" one is doing metaphysics. You guys don't even know it but most of you are doing metaphysics all the time.
An example of metaphysics would be Tillich's ideas about the depth of being. Tillich's theological method, is a good example of metaphysical work that's almost scientific and offers more than just speculation. Depth of being is an example of metaphysics.
Tillich equates
knowing that being has depth with knowing that God is real. This will be
the basis of the “realization” that is the end goal and object of my
work in this regard. The development of an alternative to endless
arguments that must be taken on faith before they prove anything is
moving toward an understanding of realization as the alternative to
argument. We have seen this quotation before but I will use it here
again:
"The
name of infinite and inexhaustible depth and ground of our being is
God. That depth is what the word God means. And if that word has not
much meaning for you, translate it, and speak of the depths of your
life, of the source of your being, of your ultimate concern, of what you
take seriously without any reservation. Perhaps, in order to do so, you
must forget everything traditional that you have learned about God,
perhaps even that word itself. For if you know that God means depth, you
know much about Him. You cannot then call yourself an atheist or
unbeliever. For you cannot think or say: Life has no depth! Life itself
is shallow. Being itself is surface only. If you could say this in
complete seriousness, you would be an atheist; but otherwise you are
not."[i]
This
is not a literal one-to-one correspondence. When one concludes that
being has depth one has not proved the existence of God in the sense
that the ontological argument is supposed to do. This is not a priori
truth. It is more than just a “rhetorical” statement. The statement is
hermeneutical and ontological although not literal. The quotation itself
tells us why he says that if we know being has depth we can’t be
atheists. He equates depth of being with the source of being, the source
of life, and he tells us that the term “God” means depth. Literally the
word “God” does not mean “depth.” He’s saying that the concept of God
in modern theology and in the Christian tradition has always been that
God transcends the level of mere things in creation. Depth of being
means that being is not just the fact of things existing, nor is it only
a surface understanding of the causes of things around us. The depth of
being is the big picture, the idea that being is more than what we
observe empirically, it is the spiritual sense,
depth in in profundity. He actually uses the term “depth” in more than
one sense; suffering as in depth of despair, profundity, as in “deep
meaning,” and transcendence, beyond the surface level. All of these uses are embodied in his essay.[ii]
According to this statement, when we come to realize that there’s a lot
more to being than just surface fact of existence, then we understand
that God is real. Thus God and the depth of being are equated. This is
because God is not a big man in the sky, but rather, God is the power of
being, that to say the ground upon which all is has come to be and in
which it coheres and continues. In the last chapter I discussed the
possibility that this is the power of mind to perceive or to think the
universe. The connection between the possibilities of consciousness as
the basis of reality and the philosophical questions raised by this
notion, as well as others related to it, form the basis of a good place
to start exploring the depth of being.
In
the previous chapter I discussed the hard problem of human
consciousness. In the opening chapter I discussed philosophical
questions at the epistemic level that science cannot answer. The fact
that these questions cannot be answered by empirical research or
observation is a good indication that there is a depth being beyond the
surface of things existing. This in and of itself proves that being has
depth. The fact that we have these questions to ask, they mean something
to most people, and we can answer them through science, which is to
say, through empirical observation of the surface of fact of existence
or thing-hood, indicates that there is a depth there that be probed
through reason. The hard problem of consciousness is one of those
issues. There are many focal points that highlight these kinds of
questions and demonstrate the depth of being. Many of these can be used
as God arguments, and the traditional God arguments can be used as focal
points for reflection upon the depth of being. In the subsequent
chapter I will deal with God arguments. For now I want to focus upon the
major issues of the depth of being. The point is that in understanding
the depth of being one is forced to confront the realization of the
reality of God. Since my overall point is to produce a theology of the
realization toward a new apologetic, these “focal points,” are like
stepping stones that lead us down the path to realization.
In his essay The Shaking of the foundations,[iii]
Tillich discusses depth of benig and some things have been said about
that already (chapter 3). At this point, however, I will depart from
Tillich’s organizational scheme but not from is basic thought and
intent. There are what I like to call “deep structures” in reality that
can be observed, or teased out. These deep structures can be organized
into ideas that might serve to illustrate the point of depth of being,
or might ever serve the function of arguments either for the reality of
God or for the rational nature of belief. This is what I call the “focal
points,” or a term of my invention I also like, “signifiers of depth.”
The signifiers of depth highlight the deep structures. These consist of
Tillich’s ontological categories. These categories are empirically
derived forms of speaking. Because they are ontological, considered with
the nature of being, they are in everything, not limited to religion. We
make our world out of the categories, which determines the content.
When I say “our world” I mean the world of our constructs, the world in
our minds that consists of what we understand and how we understand it.
The cause of the big bang is not part of this world because we don’t
understand it or observe it. The attitudes we perceive in others may be
mysterious or they may be understood wrongly or rightly but what we
perceive about them is part of the world of our constructs because we
perceive and it registers upon our understanding in some way. It is out
of this amalgam of understood constructs that the categories are forged.
This is all empirically deduced by Tillich.[iv]
The categories do not include the unconditioned (God) because it
transcends our understanding. But we have ideas about God that are
derived from experiences and teachings and these are part of the
categories, but they are not the uncontained, they are not the reality
of God they are perception of God.
The categories are:
Being and non being, and the forms finitude.[v]
The forms of finitude:
*time: central to finitude because it limits being
*space: to be special is to be limited by the possibility of non being
*causality: determinate of being enables symbol and logical interpretation
*substance: the nature or mode of being
When
Tillich gets even more specific forms of finitude include at some point
self and the world. Much was said about self and the world in chapter
3. Tillich teases out problems of insecurity relating to each category:
*temporal (finitude) = we die.
*spatial = limitation of space (another form of finitude) remind us that we are limited in duration and in reach.
*causality = remind us of being and non being
*substance = we limited to accidents of being;
All
of these produce anxiety at the prospect of non being (death). This is
where Tillich plugs in the object of ultimate concern. The fact that we
have an ultimate concern and that we can be bothered by the prospect of
our finitude and cessation of being points to the deep structures of
reality; it shows us that there’s more there than just the fact of
existence, there’s the fact of cessation of existence and that it
bothers us. Sometimes atheists try to deny that they have an ultimate
concern or that they care about death. Even if one doesn’t feel the
ultimate concern it’s logically there, and all one need do is to read
the literature of the world to know that for most of humanity death is
the ultimate concern.
Some
atheists or skeptics might be inclined to say this is all just
speculation and can’t be proved. Actually there is no reason to doubt
any of this so far. We can deduce all of this; Tillich says it’s
empirical, from the universally expressed observations and aspirations
of humanity. These ideas, there is time, there is space, there is
ultimate concern, time and space are forms of finitude and they remind
us we are going to die, this is hardly arcane metaphysics or the ravings
of a mad man. These are things most great writers throughout human
history have said in one way or anther. The relationship of duration to
finitude is deductive and hardly brain surgery. From these categories,
that are more or less universally understood, we derive equally basic
epistemological questions. These basic epistemological questions are
indicative of the meaning and nature of being; they are born out of the
way our insecurities about our own being strike us. We caused to reflect
upon what we know and how we know it. The fact that we are caused to
reflect upon such basic aspects is indicative of deep structures in
being; since being is more than just a surface inventory of things that
exist, but must be understood in relation to how we know what we know,
there is reason enough to consider that being has depth. These questions
may sound silly to the uninitiated in philosophy, but they have a
serious purpose in being asked. This has already been presented in
chapter 1. Questions such as “why is there something rather than
nothing?” “Why am I here?” “What is life about?” The very fact of these
questions, and that they are asked seriously and at times with great
longing indicates to us the depth of being.
Deep s
2 comments:
Your username comes from Atheist Metaphysics, right (you think that it is a crock of shit)?
No not really. I got stuck with it in wired way that had nothing to do with apologetics or athiets. it goes back to the first computer I had the first time I got o the net.
I really wanted aol name as Brianiac 5 (LSH) but but was taken and everything I tried was taken. my brother had been using Metacrock to make fun of postmodernism. so I put that in temporary and it stuck.
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